Introduction: One of the measurement indices for effectiveness and development such as in health and treatment sections is client satisfaction with governmental organizations services. In order to promote this plan, client tribute plan has been implemented.Objective: This study is done to evaluate the implementation method of client tribute plan in Rasht teaching hospitals in 2004 Materials and Methods: The research was performed in a cross-sectional descriptive method. Target population of the study consisted of Rasht six teaching hospitals. Measurement instrument used for the study was a check-list so that its validity and reliability has been approved by the quality promotion of Iranian Health and Medical Education Ministry. It was based on three methods of observation, use of documentations and registered data, and interview. In this research all activities related to 10 clients PROGRAMs were studiedResults: Mean scores related to the education of staff in the study hospitals were 45.3%. They were as follows: 60% in the area of clarification and documentation of providing services for the clients, 68.3% in the area of giving information regarding the method of providing services for people 100% in the field of preparation of ethical charter of  the organization in connection with people, 93.3% concerning the prediction for appropriate space and facilities, 73.4% in the area of improvement and amendment of ways for providing services to people, 76.6% survay PROGRAM from clients, 60% in the area of supervision and inspection, 53.3% concerning the appreciation and encouragement for successful managers and staff and 55% in connection with how to behave with people. The mean total scores from the "clients tribute plan" in Rasht teaching hospitals were 68.34%. Of these, Dr. Heshmat hospital had the highest score by 83.49% and Alzahra madernity hospital had the lowest score by 52.66%. Conclusion: Implementation of clients tribute plan in Rasht teaching hospital was associated with relative success. Also, we will witness the increasing success of this plan by stablishing change and development PROGRAM in managerial systems as one of the important necessities as well as by changing the punishment and encouragement criteria of managers and staff from the traditional method so that the views of clients can be taken into consideration in this regard.

Introduction: Clinical education is an important part of education in medical sciences. One of the most important barriers to clinical education is the problems with the evaluation system. Studies with controversial results have been conducted in the field of clinical evaluation methods. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the research done to determine the appropriate clinical evaluation method. Methods: This study is a systematic review and the searches were done in Iran doc, Health. barakat, SID, MedLib databases between 2010 – 2019, as well as in ISI, PubMed, Elsevier, Science Direct, Ovid, Pro Quest, and Google Scholar databases from 2010 to 2019. “ Clinical EVALUTION” , “ New EVALUTION” , “ Medical Science Students” , “ Performance EVALUTION” , and their Persian equivalent keywords were used. Finally, 13 studies that had the criteria for entering this study were selected and reviewed. Results: The results of the collective studies showed that each of the evaluation methods has advantages and disadvantages, including the 360 degree evaluation method, can be helpful in improving student dissatisfaction. Comparing the portfolio with the log book, the most important difference between them is that the portfolio includes student critical thinking. The observation of direct performance allows feedback and evaluation without much financial and human resources. One of the disadvantages of a long case is that its validity and reliability is low. Conclusion: In a method of evaluating, the validity, reliability, applicability and positive feedback of this method on the trainee are important. Also, given that the clinical capability has a completely complex structure, for its valid evaluation, we need multiple and combined methods and use of any method is depends on the purpose of the evaluation.

Fertility and ovulation are affected by hormones and drugs. Hypericin is one of the drugs affecting the ovulation by neurotransmitters such as dopamine. Hypericin is an important component of Hypericum perforatom (S Johns Wot) used in treatment of depression and its important side effect is photosensitivity. In present study, the effect of hypericin on rat ovulation was evaluated. This study was carried as following on 30 female immature 25-day rats. At first day, PMSG was administrated to all rats at nine o'clock in the morning except control group.The control group was kept without drugs and under similar conditions with other groups. No drug was administrated on the second day of study. Positive control group (1) received gonadotropine at dose of 800 ng subcutaneously on day 3. Positive control group (2) received phenobarbital at dose of 4mg/kg interaperitoneally at one o'clock in the afternoon and positive control (3) received phenobarbital at dose of 4mg/kg interaperitoneally at one o'clock in the afternoon and GnRH at dose of 800 ng subcutaneously 2 hours later. Test group (1) was similar to positive control (3), in addition, hypericin was administrated orally at dose of 25mg/kg 30 min before phenobarbital. Test group (2) was similar to test group (1), but hypericin was given at dose of 50mg/kg. The rats were euthanized on day 4 of study at nine o’clock in the morning.The number of mature follicles, hyperemic follicles and corpus hemoragicum was counted. The results showed that administration of hypericin increased growth of follicles and number of mature follicles, hyperemic follicles, and corpus hemoragicum and it enhanced ovulation in comparison to control. However, a final comment on the mechanisms of hypericin effect needs the measurement of related hormones and neurotransmitters.

To evaluate beneficial effect of intercropping based on replacement and additive methods to sustainable agriculture, two experiments were conducted at the Agricultural Research Station of University of Tabriz in 2005 and 2006, to study the effect of intercropping potato and pinto bean by using these two methods. The experiments carried out using randomized complete block design with three replications and 16 treatments. The treatments, consisted of: eight treatments of replacement intercropping with 2:1 and 3:1 proportions of potato and pinto bean (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2 for potato and 45 and 55 plants m-2 for pinto bean), four treatments of additive intercropping (with densities of 4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2 for potato and 5.3 and 10.6 plants m-2 for pinto bean), two sole croppings of potato (4.7 and 5.3 plants m-2) and two sole croppings of pinto bean (45 and 55 plants m-2). Maximum tuber yield per plant, tuber yield of potato per unit area, tuber size, mean tuber weight, number of leaves and branches per plant were obtained from replacement intercropping treatments. Maximum grain yield of pinto bean per unit area was obtained from the replacement intercropping treatments; Maximum grain yield per plant, number of pods per plant, number of leaves and branches, plant height, dates of emergence, flowering, poding and ripening were obtained from the additive intercropping treatments. To evaluate the beneficial effect of intercropping, land equivalent ratio (LER) was more than one, and the maximum amounts for two years (1.25 and 1.27, respectively) belonged to replacement intercropping of 1:2 treatment (66% potato with 5.3 plants per m2 + 34%pinto bean with 55 plants per m2). This treatment, therefore, can be recommended to be the best intercropping pattern for sustainable agriculture.

Background and Aims: Overlapping of the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth in the panoramic radiography is a major concern. Therefore, an option has been developed in the panoramic unit of Planmeca Promax, namely improved interproximal mode. This mode causes lower horizental angle with the teeth contact region during the unit rotation decreasing overlapping of the panoramic images of the posterior teeth especially premolar teeth. The present study was done to compare the overlapping of posterior teeth using two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic PROGRAM and standard panoramic.Materials and Methods: In this diagnostic study, 32 patients requiring panoramic radiographies at their posterior teeth during their routine diagnosis and treatment process with the mean age of 27.3 years were participated. No patients showed crowding of posterior teeth or missed and restored posterior teeth. The participants' panoramic radiographies were randomly taken by two techniques of improved interproximal panoramic and standard panoramic using Planmeca Promax device. The overlapping of the panoramic images was blindly assessed by an oral radiologist. The overlapping in both techniques was reported by frequency and percentage. The comparisons were done by Chi-square test between two techniques and the odds ratio of overlapping was estimated using regression analysis.Results: In standard panoramic techniques, 38.5% (148 contacts of 384 contacts) of the proximal surfaces overlapped while the overlapping of the proximal surfaces was observed in 18.8% (72 contacts of 384 overall contacts) in improved interproximal technique. Significant differences were noted between two techniques regarding overlapping (P<0.001). Also 66.4% and 39.1% of 4-5 teeth contacts overlapped in standard and improved techniques. The values were reported to be 39.1% and 12.5% in contacts of 5-6 teeth and 10.2% and 4.7% in the contacts of 6-7 teeth in both techniques, respectively. The overlapping odds ratio in improved technique as compared to standard techniques was 2.72 more. While the odds ratio of overlapping in the contact regions of 4-5 and 5-6 teeth was 16.4 and 4.61 as compared to the contact region of 6-7 teeth (all: P<0.001). The lower or upper jaw with the patients' mouth side did not significantly influence the overlapping of the proximal surfaces in both panoramic techniques.Conclusion: Under the limitations of this study, improved interproximal panoramic significantly reduced the overlapping of proximal surfaces in the panoramic radiographies of posterior teeth as compared to the standard panoramic technique. Therefore, it can be used to detect proximal caries in the posterior teeth as a diagnostic tool. Using this option may affect other part of panoramic image which should be investigated in other research.

Arctium lappa is an important medical plant with seed dormancy problem. A study was carried out to investigate the effects of seed dormancy breaking treatments on Arctium lappa germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replication. The highest germination percentage was recorded in seeds treated with GA3 (500 ppm) +  H2SO4 75% (86%), GA3 (500 ppm) + hot water 70 0C (87%) and GA3 (500 ppm) + hot water 90 0C (84%). Seed scarification with hot water were better than H2SO4 because H2SO4  increased  abnormal seedling percentage. Highest abnormal seedling showed in H2SO4 75%, GA3 (500 ppm) + H2SO4 75% and KNO3 (1%) +  H2SO4 75 % treatments (11.7%, 11.3% and 10.9% respectively). Seed treatment with KNO3 and GA3 increas α- amylase activity and Auxin concentration in Arctium lappa seedlings and decreased Abscisic Acid content in seedlings. The maximum seedling vigor index obtaines in seeds treated with GA3 (500 ppm) + hot water 70 0C . Results indicated Arctium lappa seeds scarification with hot water 70 0C (10 min) followed by socking in GA3 (500 ppm) for 12 hour was most effective treatment for seed dormancy breaking and improved seedling growth.

This research was carried out to identify and introduce the threatened and endemics plant species of Markazi province, determine the habitat of these plants and define important effective environmental factors on the species. The database of the red species list of Markazi province flora, was obtained from literature, and then in field surveys, the present of each individual listed species and information about life form, some topographic, edaphic, and distribution factors in each habitat, were registered. The results showed that in Markazi province there are 202 red plant species belonging to 30 families and 98 genera of which 182 species (90.09 %) are endemics of Iran flora. The families with high number of red species include, Papilionaceae (42 species) and Asteraceae (34 species), and the main genera were Astragalus (35 species) and Cousinia (15 species). There are 10 endemic species in Markazi province flora, of these 6 species are in Data Deficient (DD), 3 species in Vulnerable (VU) and 1 species in Low Risk (LR) status and also three species Allium hirtifolium, Ferula Assa-foetida and Dracocephalum kotschyi are in Endangered (EN) status. Herbaceous perennials (50 %) and bush & sub-shrubs (28.21 %) were the most important life forms of red species, and also 66.67 % of VU and EN species was herbaceous perennial. The mountainous areas of this province (> 2000 m altitude) contain 66 % of total province red species flora. The habitats with high number of red species were: Rasvand mountain (69 species), Mowdar mountain (35 species), Sefid-Khani mountain (23 species), Arak (22 species), Alvand mountain (20 species) and Lathe-dar mountain (17 species). As a result, the main factors affecting on red species are limited geographical distribution and human impacts.